Class Math

Provides constants and static methods for trigonometric, logarithmic, and other common mathematical functions.

Inheritance

Object

Math

Inherited Members

Object.ToString()

Object.Equals(Object)

Object.Equals(Object, Object)

Object.ReferenceEquals(Object, Object)

Object.GetHashCode()

Object.GetType()

Object.MemberwiseClone()

Namespace: System

Assembly: System.Math.dll

Syntax

public static class Math

Fields

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E

Represents the natural logarithmic base, specified by the constant, e.

Declaration

public const double E = 2.7182818284590451

Field Value

Type	Description
Double

Remarks

The value of this field is 2.7182818284590452354.

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PI

Represents the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, specified by the constant, π.

Declaration

public const double PI = 3.1415926535897931

Field Value

Type	Description
Double

Remarks

The value of this field is 3.14159265358979323846.

Methods

Abs(Double)

Returns the absolute value of a double-precision floating-point number.

Declaration

public static extern double Abs(double value)

Parameters

Type	Name	Description
Double	value	A number that is greater than or equal to MinValue, but less than or equal to MaxValue.

Returns

Type	Description
Double	A double-precision floating-point number, x, such that 0 ≤ x ≤ MaxValue.

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Abs(Int32)

Returns the absolute value of a 32-bit signed integer.

Declaration

public static int Abs(int value)

Parameters

Type	Name	Description
Int32	value	A number that is greater than MinValue, but less than or equal to MaxValue.

Returns

Type	Description
Int32	A 32-bit signed integer, x, such that 0 ≤ x ≤ MaxValue.

Abs(Single)

Returns the absolute value of a single-precision floating-point number.

Declaration

public static extern float Abs(float value)

Parameters

Type	Name	Description
Single	value	A number that is greater than or equal to MinValue, but less than or equal to MaxValue.

Returns

Type	Description
Single	A single-precision floating-point number, x, such that 0 ≤ x ≤ MaxValue.

Acos(Double)

Returns the angle whose cosine is the specified number.

Declaration

public static extern double Acos(double d)

Parameters

Type	Name	Description
Double	d	A number representing a cosine, where d must be greater than or equal to -1, but less than or equal to 1.

Returns

Type	Description
Double	An angle, θ, measured in radians, such that 0 ≤ θ ≤ π -or- NaN if d < -1 or d > 1 or d equals NaN.

Asin(Double)

Returns the angle whose sine is the specified number.

Declaration

public static extern double Asin(double d)

Parameters

Type	Name	Description
Double	d	A number representing a sine, where d must be greater than or equal to -1, but less than or equal to 1.

Returns

Type	Description
Double	An angle, θ, measured in radians, such that -π/2 ≤ θ ≤ π/2 -or- NaN if d < -1 or d> 1 or d equals NaN.

Atan(Double)

Returns the angle whose tangent is the specified number.

Declaration

public static extern double Atan(double d)

Parameters

Type	Name	Description
Double	d	A number representing a tangent.

Returns

Type	Description
Double	An angle, θ, measured in radians, such that -π/2 ≤ θ ≤ π/2. -or- NaN if d equals NaN, -π/2 rounded to double precision(-1.5707963267949) if d equals NegativeInfinity, or π/2 rounded to double precision(1.5707963267949) if d equals PositiveInfinity.

Atan2(Double, Double)

Returns the angle whose tangent is the quotient of two specified numbers.

Declaration

public static extern double Atan2(double y, double x)

Parameters

Type	Name	Description
Double	y	The y coordinate of a point.
Double	x	The x coordinate of a point.

Returns

Type	Description
Double	An angle, θ, measured in radians, such that -π ≤ θ ≤ π, and tan(θ) = y / x, where (x, y) is a point in the Cartesian plane.

Cbrt(Double)

Returns the cube root of a specified number.

Declaration

public static extern double Cbrt(double d)

Parameters

Type	Name	Description
Double	d	The number whose cube root is to be found.

Returns

Type	Description
Double	The cube root of d. -or- NaN if `d` equals NaN.

Ceiling(Double)

Returns the smallest integral value that is greater than or equal to the specified double-precision floating-point number.

Declaration

public static extern double Ceiling(double d)

Parameters

Type	Name	Description
Double	d	A double-precision floating-point number.

Returns

Type	Description
Double	The smallest integral value that is greater than or equal to d. If d is equal to NaN, NegativeInfinity, or PositiveInfinity, that value is returned. Note that this method returns a Double instead of an integral type.

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Clamp(Double, Double, Double)

Returns value clamped to the inclusive range of min and max.

Declaration

public static double Clamp(double value, double min, double max)

Parameters

Type	Name	Description
Double	value	The value to be clamped.
Double	min	The lower bound of the result.
Double	max	The upper bound of the result.

Returns

Type	Description
Double	`value` if `min` ≤ `value` ≤ `max`. -or- `min` if `value`<`min`. -or- max if `max`<`value`.

Exceptions

Type	Condition
ArgumentException	If `max` < `min`.

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Clamp(Int64, Int64, Int64)

Returns value clamped to the inclusive range of min and max.

Declaration

public static long Clamp(long value, long min, long max)

Parameters

Type	Name	Description
Int64	value	The value to be clamped.
Int64	min	The lower bound of the result.
Int64	max	The upper bound of the result.

Returns

Type	Description
Int64	`value` if `min` ≤ `value` ≤ `max`. -or- `min` if `value`<`min`. -or- max if `max`<`value`.

Exceptions

Type	Condition
ArgumentException	If `max` < `min`.

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Clamp(Single, Single, Single)

Returns value clamped to the inclusive range of min and max.

Declaration

public static float Clamp(float value, float min, float max)

Parameters

Type	Name	Description
Single	value	The value to be clamped.
Single	min	The lower bound of the result.
Single	max	The upper bound of the result.

Returns

Type	Description
Single	`value` if `min` ≤ `value` ≤ `max`. -or- `min` if `value`<`min`. -or- max if `max`<`value`.

Exceptions

Type	Condition
ArgumentException	If `max` < `min`.

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Clamp(UInt64, UInt64, UInt64)

Returns value clamped to the inclusive range of min and max.

Declaration

public static ulong Clamp(ulong value, ulong min, ulong max)

Parameters

Type	Name	Description
UInt64	value	The value to be clamped.
UInt64	min	The lower bound of the result.
UInt64	max	The upper bound of the result.

Returns

Type	Description
UInt64	`value` if `min` ≤ `value` ≤ `max`. -or- `min` if `value`<`min`. -or- max if `max`<`value`.

Exceptions

Type	Condition
ArgumentException	If `max` < `min`.

Cos(Double)

Returns the cosine of the specified angle.

Declaration

public static extern double Cos(double a)

Parameters

Type	Name	Description
Double	a	An angle, measured in radians.

Returns

Type	Description
Double	The cosine of a. If a is equal to NaN, NegativeInfinity, or PositiveInfinity, this method returns NaN.

Cosh(Double)

Returns the hyperbolic cosine of the specified angle.

Declaration

public static extern double Cosh(double value)

Parameters

Type	Name	Description
Double	value	An angle, measured in radians.

Returns

Type	Description
Double	The hyperbolic cosine of `value`. If `value` is equal to NegativeInfinity or PositiveInfinity, PositiveInfinity is returned. If value is equal to NaN, NaN is returned.

Exp(Double)

Returns e raised to the specified power.

Declaration

public static extern double Exp(double d)

Parameters

Type	Name	Description
Double	d	A number specifying a power.

Returns

Type	Description
Double	The number e raised to the power `d`. If `d` equals NaN or PositiveInfinity, that value is returned. If `d` equals NegativeInfinity, 0 is returned.

Floor(Double)

Returns the largest integer less than or equal to the specified double-precision floating-point number.

Declaration

public static extern double Floor(double d)

Parameters

Type	Name	Description
Double	d	A double-precision floating-point number.

Returns

Type	Description
Double	The largest integer less than or equal to `d`. If `d` is equal to NaN, NegativeInfinity, or PositiveInfinity, that value is returned.

IEEERemainder(Double, Double)

Returns the remainder resulting from the division of a specified number by another specified number.

Declaration

public static extern double IEEERemainder(double x, double y)

Parameters

Type	Name	Description
Double	x	A dividend.
Double	y	A divisor.

Returns

Type	Description
Double	A number equal to `x` - (`y` Q), where Q is the quotient of `x` / `y` rounded to the nearest integer (if `x` / `y` falls halfway between two integers, the even integer is returned). If `x` - (`y` Q) is zero, the value +0 is returned if `x` is positive, or -0 if `x` is negative. If `y` = 0, NaN is returned.

Log(Double)

Returns the natural (base e) logarithm of a specified number.

Declaration

public static extern double Log(double d)

Parameters

Type	Name	Description
Double	d	The number whose logarithm is to be found.

Returns

Type	Description
Double	The natural logarithm of `d`; that is, ln `d`, or log e `d`

Log10(Double)

Returns the base 10 logarithm of a specified number.

Declaration

public static extern double Log10(double d)

Parameters

Type	Name	Description
Double	d	A number whose logarithm is to be found.

Returns

Type	Description
Double	The base 10 log of `d`; that is, log 10 `d`.

Max(Double, Double)

Returns the larger of two double-precision floating-point numbers.

Declaration

public static extern double Max(double val1, double val2)

Parameters

Type	Name	Description
Double	val1	The first of two double-precision floating-point numbers to compare.
Double	val2	The second of two double-precision floating-point numbers to compare.

Returns

Type	Description
Double	Parameter `val1` or `val2`, whichever is larger. If `val1`, `val2`, or both `val1` and `val2` are equal to NaN, NaN is returned.

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Max(Int32, Int32)

Returns the larger of two 32-bit signed integers.

Declaration

public static int Max(int val1, int val2)

Parameters

Type	Name	Description
Int32	val1	The first of two 32-bit signed integers to compare.
Int32	val2	The second of two 32-bit signed integers to compare.

Returns

Type	Description
Int32	Parameter `val1` or `val2`, whichever is larger.

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Max(Single, Single)

Returns the larger of two single-precision floating-point numbers.

Declaration

public static float Max(float val1, float val2)

Parameters

Type	Name	Description
Single	val1	The first of two single-precision floating-point numbers to compare.
Single	val2	The second of two single-precision floating-point numbers to compare.

Returns

Type	Description
Single	Parameter `val1` or `val2`, whichever is larger. If `val1`, or `val2`, or both `val1` and `val2` are equal to NaN, NaN is returned.

Min(Double, Double)

Returns the smaller of two double-precision floating-point numbers.

Declaration

public static extern double Min(double val1, double val2)

Parameters

Type	Name	Description
Double	val1	The first of two double-precision floating-point numbers to compare.
Double	val2	The second of two double-precision floating-point numbers to compare.

Returns

Type	Description
Double	Parameter `val1` or `val2`, whichever is smaller. If `val1`, `val2`, or both `val1` and `val2` are equal to NaN, NaN is returned.

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Min(Int32, Int32)

Returns the smaller of two 32-bit signed integers.

Declaration

public static int Min(int val1, int val2)

Parameters

Type	Name	Description
Int32	val1	The first of two 32-bit signed integers to compare.
Int32	val2	The second of two 32-bit signed integers to compare.

Returns

Type	Description
Int32	Parameter `val1` or `val2`, whichever is smaller.

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Min(Single, Single)

Returns the smaller of two single-precision floating-point numbers.

Declaration

public static float Min(float val1, float val2)

Parameters

Type	Name	Description
Single	val1	The first of two single-precision floating-point numbers to compare.
Single	val2	The second of two single-precision floating-point numbers to compare.

Returns

Type	Description
Single	Parameter `val1` or `val2`, whichever is smaller. If `val1`, `val2`, or both `val1` and `val2` are equal to NaN, NaN is returned.

Pow(Double, Double)

Returns a specified number raised to the specified power.

Declaration

public static extern double Pow(double x, double y)

Parameters

Type	Name	Description
Double	x	A double-precision floating-point number to be raised to a power.
Double	y	A double-precision floating-point number that specifies a power.

Returns

Type	Description
Double	The number `x` raised to the power `y`.

Round(Double)

Rounds a double-precision floating-point value to the nearest integral value.

Declaration

public static extern double Round(double a)

Parameters

Type	Name	Description
Double	a	A double-precision floating-point number to be rounded.

Returns

Type	Description
Double	The integer nearest `a`. If the fractional component of `a` is halfway between two integers, one of which is even and the other odd, then the even number is returned. Note that this method returns a Double instead of an integral type.

Sign(Double)

Returns a value indicating the sign of a double-precision floating-point number.

Declaration

public static extern int Sign(double value)

Parameters

Type	Name	Description
Double	value	A signed number.

Returns

Type	Description
Int32	A number that indicates the sign of `value`.

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Sign(Single)

Returns a value indicating the sign of a single-precision floating-point number.

Declaration

public static int Sign(float value)

Parameters

Type	Name	Description
Single	value	A signed number.

Returns

Type	Description
Int32	A number that indicates the sign of `value`.

Sin(Double)

Returns the sine of the specified angle.

Declaration

public static extern double Sin(double a)

Parameters

Type	Name	Description
Double	a	An angle, measured in radians.

Returns

Type	Description
Double	The sine of `a`. If a is equal to NaN, NegativeInfinity, or PositiveInfinity, this method returns NaN.

Sinh(Double)

Returns the hyperbolic sine of the specified angle.

Declaration

public static extern double Sinh(double value)

Parameters

Type	Name	Description
Double	value	An angle, measured in radians.

Returns

Type	Description
Double	The hyperbolic sine of `value`. If `value` is equal to NegativeInfinity, PositiveInfinity, or NaN, this method returns a Double equal to `value`.

Sqrt(Double)

Returns the square root of a specified number.

Declaration

public static extern double Sqrt(double d)

Parameters

Type	Name	Description
Double	d	The number whose square root is to be found.

Returns

Type	Description
Double	The positive square root of `d`.

Tan(Double)

Returns the tangent of the specified angle.

Declaration

public static extern double Tan(double a)

Parameters

Type	Name	Description
Double	a	An angle, measured in radians.

Returns

Type	Description
Double	The tangent of `a`. If `a` is equal to NaN, NegativeInfinity, or PositiveInfinity, this method returns NaN.

Tanh(Double)

Returns the hyperbolic tangent of the specified angle.

Declaration

public static extern double Tanh(double value)

Parameters

Type	Name	Description
Double	value	An angle, measured in radians.

Returns

Type	Description
Double	The hyperbolic tangent of `value`. If `value` is equal to NegativeInfinity, this method returns -1. If `value` is equal to PositiveInfinity, this method returns 1. If `value` is equal to NaN, this method returns NaN.

Truncate(Double)

Calculates the integral part of a specified double-precision floating-point number.

Declaration

public static extern double Truncate(double d)

Parameters

Type	Name	Description
Double	d	A number to truncate.

Returns

Type	Description
Double	The integral part of `d`; that is, the number that remains after any fractional digits have been discarded.